Previous Events

  • Heat, Health and Inequity ePanel

    September 26, 2022 12:30 PM - 2:00 PM EDT

  • Thumbnail for Climate Change, Air Quality and Lung Health

    Climate Change, Air Quality and Lung Health

    August 16, 2022 12:30 PM - 2:00 PM EDT

    Exposures to harmful air pollutants, due to the burning of fossil fuels and climate-driven wildfires, have wide-reaching impacts on human health. In this ePanel, Climate Change, Air Quality and Lung Health, experts will explore how climate change is degrading air quality worldwide, exacerbating risks of lung diseases from asthma to lung cancer and fibrosis. The discussion will cover cutting edge research spanning epigenetic and cellular responses to epidemiologic studies, from the individual patient to community level. A particular emphasis will be placed on vulnerable individuals and populations, and research that informs interventions and policy decisions that will protect human health and equity.

    Specifically, we will cover climate change, air quality and lung health as it relates to the following questions:

    • How are exposures to degraded air quality changing because of climate change?
    • Which populations and individuals are most vulnerable?
    • What are the epigenetic and cellular mechanisms underlying lung damage?
    • How can we measure the impact of climate change on lung disease prevalence in communities and populations in various environments, from urban cities to rural populations?
    • How do we identify, protect and treat vulnerable populations, in various contexts?
    • What public health interventions have been successful, or not?
    • How can the low-carbon energy transition lead to local and immediate health benefits?
    • Where do we need to focus future research to inform successful policy?

    We will tackle these questions from many angles, gaining perspectives from clinicians, researchers, educators, and public health policy leaders to holistically assess these challenges and identify solutions. The event will inform the scientific community about impacts and inequities, while encouraging audiences to take action and get involved in the field to change the trajectory of the impending climate health crisis.

  • Thumbnail for NIH Career Roundtable Event

    NIH Career Roundtable Event

    May 12, 2022 11:00 AM - 12:30 PM EDT

    As part of our commitment to support and train the next generation of scientific leaders, Keystone Symposia hosts Career Roundtables at in-person events and through our virtual platform. These workshops create a forum for field leaders to provide their unique perspectives on career development, professional pitfalls and the breadth of scientific opportunities available to support trainee scientists.

    In this Career Roundtable ePanel we will explore career opportunities available at the National Institutes of Health. Representatives from diverse positions will share their experiences and insights, from those who run their own laboratories at the NIH, to those in directorship positions or communications roles.

    Join us for this FREE ePanel event to discover what it is like to work at the NIH, and find out:

    • How does working for the government differ from working in academia or industry?
    • What is attractive about working for the government, and what is challenging?
    • What qualities or interests might be suited for government jobs?
    • How might a student know they would be a good fit for the NIH?
    • What is the NIH looking for when hiring?

    Don’t miss your chance to ask our panelists your questions during the live Q&A! Register now to reserve your spot.

  • Thumbnail for Leveraging Nanoparticle Technologies for Novel Vaccines and Therapeutics

    Nanoparticles are emerging as a powerful mode of delivery for drugs, vaccines and even gene therapy, enabling the delivery of a wide variety of therapeutic agents beyond small molecules. With recent advances in nanoparticle technologies and design, scientists are now able to generate, load and target lipid nanoparticles systems for delivery of macromolecular drugs including siRNA, mRNA and DNA, as well as multicomponent gene editing complexes, essentially opening the door to new therapeutic modalities deploying nucleic acids to treat disease. These fundamental breakthroughs have led to novel vaccines for COVID-19, cancer drug treatments, and gene therapy advances.

    This free ePanel event will showcase the latest developments in nanoparticle technologies and translational utility. Panelists will discuss past challenges and current solutions, focusing specifically on the development of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine as a success story. We will address questions of clinical implementation, from manufacturing to safety, immunogenicity and more, comprehensively examining the trajectory from bench to bedside from basic science and biotechnology industry perspectives. Finally, we will explore remaining hurdles, future opportunities and new horizons in nanoparticle technology development and applications, with the potential to transform vaccinology, cancer immunotherapy, gene therapy and more.

    The ePanel will feature pioneering work by Dr. Pieter Cullis, winner of the VinFuture Grand Prize, which honors exceptional minds whose breakthrough scientific research, and technological innovations have enormous potential to create meaningful change at scale.

    “Almost every disease, from cancer to Alzheimer’s, could be tackled by mRNA technology enabled by lipid nanoparticles.” – Prof. Cullis
  • Thumbnail for Climate Change and Human Health: Threats, Disparities, and Necessary Actions

    Climate change is having widespread impacts on human health and has been called “the greatest health threat of the 21st century.” In this inaugural event of the Keystone Symposia and the Global Consortium for Climate Health and Education ePanel Series Climate Change and Human Health: Impending Crisis and Vulnerable Populations, we will provide a broad overview of current knowledge regarding the existential problem of climate change and human health. Through case examples, we will explore how climate related exposures – such as extreme heat, wildfires, drought and extreme weather events – exact disproportionate health tolls on vulnerable populations worldwide. Experts will discuss and debate how and why climate justice and equity must be at the core of our efforts to address the climate crisis.

    Specifically, we will cover climate health in the context of the following high-risk populations:

    • African nations
    • Indigenous populations
    • People with disabilities
    • Women
    • Mothers and children

    Bringing together a panel of experts across sectors and specialties, the discussion will tackle these societal health questions from many angles. We will gain perspectives from clinicians, researchers, journal editors, educators, non-profit foundation leaders and public health policy experts to holistically assess these challenges and identify ways the scientific community can get involved and take action against these impacts and inequities. From personal efforts to institutional initiatives, we aim to inspire audiences to become embassadors within their own communities for climate health research, education and sustainability.

  • Thumbnail for Charting the Future of Immunology and Immunotherapy

    Charting the Future of Immunology and Immunotherapy

    April 21, 2022 11:00 AM - 12:30 PM EDT

    This ePanel will celebrate the inaugural winners of the Michelson Philanthropies & Science Prize for Immunology, an international prize that focuses on transformative research in human immunology, with trans-disease applications to accelerate vaccine and immunotherapeutic discovery. The prize is intended to encourage and support young investigators from a wide range of disciplines and will be awarded annually based on work done in the past three years.

    This year’s recipients are:

    • Grand prize winner Paul Bastard, MD, PhD, (Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut Imagine, INSERM & University of Paris and The Rockefeller University, New York)
      Why do people die from COVID-19?: Autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons increase with age.
    • Finalist Scott B. Biering, PhD, (Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley)
      One antibody to treat them all: Conserved flavivirus protein holds potential as target for versatile vaccines and therapies.
    • Finalist Lisa Wagar, PhD, (Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine)
      Small centers of defense: Deciphering immune responses to viruses and vaccines using human tonsil organoids.

    Following welcome remarks by Dr. Gary Michelson, Michelson Philanthropies founder and co-chair, Bill Moran, Publisher of AAAS/Science, United States Senator Alex Padilla of California, and Seth Scanlon, Editor of AAAS/Science, the recipients will present their award winning research and participate in a Q&A with the audience.

    Applications for the prize opens May 1. For more information, visit https://www.michelsonmedicalresearch.org/projects/michelson-philanthropies-and-science-prize-for-immunology and https://www.science.org/content/page/michelson-philanthropies-and-science-prize-immunology

  • Thumbnail for Control and Access- Intellectual property and CRISPR-Cas Gene editing for innovation in crop agriculture

    A panel of scientists and policy experts from academia, industry, government, and non-profit organizations discuss key questions of intellectual property (IP) control over the genome editing of agricultural crop species with CRISPR. What are the stakes of getting the balance between control and access right? What are the controversies and unknowns, especially at the intersections of IP and other domains of innovation in an essential industry like agriculture? How is the IP landscape affecting innovation in agriculture? How does it influence R&D priorities? Who ends up controlling the trajectory of applications of genome editing? Where are the key conversations we need to be having regarding interrelationship between IP, in a narrow legal sense, and broader societal concerns over control and access of genome editing tools?

  • Thumbnail for Brain Therapeutics: Lessons Learned from Pandemic Times

    Brain Therapeutics: Lessons Learned from Pandemic Times

    September 9, 2021 10:00 AM - 11:30 AM EDT

    Despite significant advances in drug development tools, technologies and strategies in recent years, these advances have not translated into successful treatments for brain diseases. While obstacles like the blood-brain barrier do pose additional challenges in this field, more can, and needs to be done to drive progress towards thus far elusive therapeutic successes.

    We desperately need new approaches to innovate the landscape of drug discovery in brain therapeutics, and interestingly, the COVID-19 pandemic has yielded some critical insights. In the last year, the COVID-19 pandemic has provided us a new window into how to think and work differently to smash old timelines for drug discovery.

    Through this virtual event, we invite the global drug discovery community in brain therapeutics to come together to brainstorm about lessons learned from these pandemic times, and how to apply these new strategies to catalyze success in our own field. In particular, we will address new models for collaboration and integration of multi-stakeholder partnerships to re-envision a more efficient and effective ecosystem of drug discovery for CNS therapeutics.

    Key Topics:

    • How to incentivize inclusive, efficient, collaborations among all actors, including academia, government institutions, for-profit companies and funders, both public (governments) and private (charities).
    • How to scout the ecosystem for transformational innovation that can deliver targets linked to disease biology and associated biomarkers to improve the success rate of CNS therapeutics?
    • How to take advantage of breakthrough technologies and approaches that have revolutionized therapies in non-CNS diseases?
    • How to ensure that existing investments open-science platforms are leveraged effectively by academia and private sectors?
    • How do we create new road-maps “driving science” through go/no go decisions on key targets for more efficient processes?
    • How can we define relevant companion biomarkers/diagnostic stratification, for a clinically relevant drug discovery process?

    #VKSBrainTherapy22

  • Thumbnail for The Promise of A.I. in Pandemic Times: Beyond the Hype

    The Promise of A.I. in Pandemic Times: Beyond the Hype

    January 12, 2021 10:00 AM - 11:30 AM EST

    The ePanel event aims to address the promise, and reality, of AI in the context of health. AI is expected to be one of the most transformative technologies in history, reshaping the relationship between people and technology in almost every sector. The World Economic Forum has called artificial intelligence (AI) the ‘electricity of the fourth industrial revolution.’ But beyond the hype:

    • How can AI contribute to tackling health challenges in times of a pandemic?
    • How effective are AI algorithms in modeling the spread of infection and supporting disease diagnosis?
    • How can AI help accelerate urgent drug discovery and development?
    • How can we build trustworthiness in AI for health?

    Bringing together AI luminaries with diverse perspectives on AI in medicine and public health, we will explore these questions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, in an effort to drive AI applications towards tangible impacts on global public health. The event will conclude with a live audience Q/A, where you can ask these field leaders your burning questions and shape the discussion around new frontiers at the intersection of AI and medicine.

    #VKSPandemicAI

  • Thumbnail for KS|QA with Dr. Kizzmekia S. Corbett

    KS|QA with Dr. Kizzmekia S. Corbett

    June 15, 2020 1:00 PM - 1:45 PM EDT

    Dr. Kizzmekia S. Corbett has taken center stage in the news media for her efforts to develop a COVID-19 vaccine as a key leader of Dr. Barney S. Graham’s Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory at the NIAID Vaccine Research Center. As Scientific Lead of the Coronavirus Vaccines & Immunopathogenesis (coVip) Team, the spotlight shines on her now, but she has been diligently preparing for this day throughout the course of her now skyrocketing career.

    Back in October of 2018, as a Keystone Symposia Fellow, she presented her work on “Advancing Towards a General Solution for Coronavirus Vaccines” at the Framing the Response to Emerging Virus Infections Keystone Symposia meeting in Hong Kong. Now, less than 2 years later, she is at the heart of the vaccine response efforts for the largest global pandemic of our lifetimes, thus far.

    Here Dr. Corbett shares the latest advances in the NIAID COVID-19 vaccine development efforts, which in collaboration with Moderna, have shattered previous timelines for design and implementation, progressing to Phase I clinical trial in 66 days following the viral sequence release. A Phase II clinical trial is currently underway, and the vaccine is on trajectory towards a Phase III efficacy trial to tentatively begin in July. Her presentation is followed by a one-on-one interview with JEM editor Gaia Trincucci, where she shares what it is like to work on vaccine efforts in the midst of a pandemic, while the whole world watches and awaits the results. She also reflects on her path to this place on the precipice of a pandemic, where she never imagined she would find herself, and shares some advice for the next-generation of scientists who aspire to follow in her footsteps.

  • Thumbnail for Malaria Challenges in the COVID-19 Era

    Malaria Challenges in the COVID-19 Era

    April 25, 2020 1:00 PM - 1:45 PM EDT

    Malaria endemic regions face unique challenges when it comes to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this one-on-one interview, Dr. Pedro Alonso, Director of the World Health Organization’s Global Malaria Programme, talks about the challenges of simultaneously fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, and controlling malaria outbreaks in endemic countries. What are the medical and public health concerns, and what are the strategies for addressing both threats successfully?


    Dr. Alonso shares his insights and WHO guidance on addressing important questions, including:

    • Are patients with malaria at higher risk of contracting COVID-19, or at higher risk of experiencing severe symptoms? What are the dangers of co-infection?
    • How do these compounded threats differentially impact certain at-risk populations or demographics, such as children, pregnant women, or the elderly? What public health measures might be taken to mitigate these impacts?
    • The malaria drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been suggested for treating COVID-19… what are the implications of this? Could patients being treated for malaria with these drugs be resistant to COVID-19 infection?
    • What are the challenges in malaria endemic regions to balancing COVID-19 control with malaria control? What resources does the WHO provide to help countries balance these two agendas in order to devise and implement appropriate public health measures?
    • What lessons did we learn from the Ebola outbreak in 2014 and 2015, that are being implemented today?
    • How might COVID-19 affect critical WHO Global Malaria Program actions, like pilot studies of the RTS,S malaria vaccine, in sub-Saharan African countries?
  • Thumbnail for The Malaria Endgame

    The Malaria Endgame

    April 22, 2020 12:00 PM - 1:30 PM EDT

    This ePanel, filmed during the Keystone Symposia Conference: The Malaria Endgame: Innovation in Therapeutics, Vector Control and Public Health Tools at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, features field leaders Gordon Awandare, Lilian M Ang’ang’o, Lemu Golassa and Fitsum G Tadesse as they discuss the current state of the field, and future directions and challenges in the fight to eliminate malaria from endemic countries.

    Topics will include:

    • Current state of vaccines
    • Impact of co-infections in Africa
    • Genetically modified mosquitos—benefits, risks and community engagement challenges
    • The disconnect between research and malaria control programs
    • ...and more!

    Panelists will conclude with their suggested “one innovation” to eliminate malaria. In addition, they will share insights into their career path and personal experiences fighting malaria infection, with tips for junior researchers aspiring to enter the field and make a difference against this global health threat.

    Register now to watch on April 22, 2020 (and available on-demand thereafter) and submit your questions for our panelists! Selected questions will be answered after the event.

  • Thumbnail for The Arthropod-Vertebrate Interface in Vector-Borne Diseases

    Arthropod-borne diseases account for 17% of all infectious illnesses, causing extensive morbidity and mortality worldwide. This Keystone Virtual Symposium will bring together panelists with complementary expertise in entomology, microbiology and immunology to have an inspiring debate about some of the most pressing and interdisciplinary issues related to vector-borne diseases. Five considerations will underpin this virtual discussion:

    • deploy a joint set of concepts and pressing questions to promote mechanistic progress in vector-borne diseases
    • elaborate on how skin immune cells and the microbiome contribute to immunity and disease in vector-borne illnesses
    • examine the importance of new principles and technologies to decipher transkingdom interactions occurring at the interface
    • elaborate about translational approaches to vector-borne diseases
    • deliberate about mentoring the next generation of scientists and interdisciplinarity in science.

    The roundtable will discuss:

    Principles and Differences Among Arthropod-Borne Diseases
    Are there unifying paradigms that can be applied to the spectrum of vector-borne diseases? Should we treat research in all arthropod vectors equally? What is the role of animal models in vector-borne diseases?

    Skin and the Microbiome at the Interface of Disease and Immunity
    What is the role of skin immune cells and the microbiome during arthropod blood feeding? How does the study of the microbiome and skin immunology enable a better understanding of vector-borne diseases? Which skin immune cells are essential to counteract and/or facilitate pathogen transmission?

    Emerging Concepts and Technologies in Vector-Borne Diseases
    How does one challenge the conventional thinking applied to vector-borne diseases? How does one act as a facilitator for the generation of new paradigms in the field? How do technologies change the landscape of research in vector-borne diseases?

    The Interdisciplinary Nature of Vector-Borne Diseases
    How do we break down silos among the entomology, microbiology and immunology communities? How should we train the next generation of scientists and promote interdisciplinary research? What are the best strategies to nurture interdisciplinary research for vector-borne diseases? Are there meeting venues and funding mechanisms that facilitate this type of mindset?

    The panel will brainstorm ideas for subsequent meetings, including the joint Conferences on “Vector Biology: Emerging Concepts and Novel Technologies” and “Skin-Immune Crosstalk” on February 15-18, 2021 in Breckenridge, Colorado, USA.

  • Thumbnail for Autophagy: From Model Systems to Therapeutic Opportunities

    Autophagy: From Model Systems to Therapeutic Opportunities

    February 12, 2020 7:00 AM - 8:00 AM EST

    Autophagy is a homeostatic process strategically positioned at the intersection of metabolism and intracellular quality control, with broad physiological and medical manifestations ranging from metabolic imbalance to neurodegeneration, infections, immune disorders, cancer and aging. In yeast, the formation and organization of the autophagosomal apparatus follows a highly prescribed sequence, starting with the pre-autophagosomal structure and ending in autophagosomal fusion with the yeast vacuole. However, in other model organisms, as well as in mammals, the autophagy machinery and its regulators show both similarities and notable differences relative to yeast.

    The goals/aims of this ePanel are:

    1. Compare and contrast autophagy in yeast and higher organisms with a focus on both the shared regulators and on those factors that have no counterparts in yeast
    2. Cover the intersection of autophagy with energy metabolism, innate immune signaling and endomembrane damage
    3. Cover how signaling cascades regulate the process of selective autophagy whereby substrates are recruited to forming autophagosomes by receptors and molecular tags such as ubiquitin, galectins, or through other modalities

    The conference will cover fundamental principles as outlined above and how they apply to basic and translational aspects of human disease. Intersections with several other stress response processes will be addressed.

  • Thumbnail for Neurocircuitry of Social Behavior

    Neurocircuitry of Social Behavior

    February 4, 2020 7:00 AM - 9:00 AM EST

    Many psychiatric disorders are characterized by impairments in social cognition and behavior. There is a critical need to understand the neural circuits underlying social behavior so that we may develop new treatments for social impairments. This Symposium will focus on neural processes regulating normative social behaviors. Traditionally social neuroscientists have not analyzed social processes at a circuit level, while other neuroscientists delving into the circuitry of social processes have not attended meetings organized by social neuroscientists. We aim to bring together a “Dream Team” of researchers to bridge this gap.

    Specific Aims of this Symposium:

    • Assemble the pioneers and rising stars of several fields who have broad interests in and have made innovative contributions to social neuroscience.
    • Address the key questions in social neuroscience from a neural circuit perspective (social recognition, social decision making, social bonding and nurturing, aggression, social stress and empathy)
    • Discuss standardization of experimental conditions for diverse behavioral paradigms optimized for circuit studies.
    • Attract young scientists from broad perspectives to social neuroscience.

    Through this conference some participants will be encouraged to incorporate advanced technologies to their study of social neuroscience, while others will broaden their scope to include social behavior in their research program. While there are other conferences on the topics of social neuroscience, or neural circuits and behavior, no other meeting combines both topics and draws its speakers from such a diverse background. Many of these speakers are pioneers in other areas of neuroscience who are now making ground breaking discoveries related to how and why we interact socially. Consequently, this meeting will bring about a paradigm shift in the traditional social neuroscience field and initiate discussions between much broader communities than has taken place thus far.

  • Thumbnail for Cerebral Fluid Flow and Function: Lymphatics, Glymphatics and the Choroid Plexus

    The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has long been a 'missing link' in our understanding of brain form, function, and disease. However, recent work has begun to illuminate how the CSF regulates the brain in ways that extend far beyond its passive historical roles and provides unique opportunities for studying, diagnosing, and potentially treating brain disorders. This Keystone Symposia conference brings together an interdisciplinary group of new and established scientists to discuss this newfound excitement about CSF. By exchanging discoveries about CSF sources (choroid plexus), routes (glymphatics), drainage (lymphatics), clinical utilities, and by fostering new ideas, collaborations, and training opportunities, this conference aims to coalesce an international community that can propel the CSF field forward. This conference is being held jointly with the Keystone Symposia conference titled Brain Therapeutics: Disruptive Technologies and Opportunities for Drug Development. The goal of this paring is to stimulate thinking about CSF-based medicinal therapies, given the advantages of CSF over blood in being 'behind' the blood-brain barrier and in equilibrating with the interstitial fluid surrounding brain cells.

  • Thumbnail for Mitochondrial Biology in Heart and Skeletal Muscle

    Mitochondrial Biology in Heart and Skeletal Muscle

    January 1, 2020 7:00 AM - 9:00 AM EST

    Mitochondria are highly dynamic and communicative organelles that regulate a variety of cellular processes including energy homeostasis, redox status, thermogenesis and cell death via apoptosis. Mitochondria collaborate with a host of intracellular organelles including endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, lysosomes and nuclei to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction disrupts metabolism and is thought to underlie cellular aging as well as the development of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, heart failure and aging-associated sarcopenia. Since mitochondria are enriched in cardiac and striated skeletal muscle, and since these tissues are critical in regulating whole body metabolism, insulin action and locomotion, the objective of this conference is to identify novel mechanisms controlling mitochondrial function and connect mitochondrial phenotypes with improved health and disease pathobiology. New insight into the biology and pathobiology of mitochondria will allow for the advance of therapeutic approaches that can be utilized to combat metabolic-related diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Our understanding of the precise molecular signaling that links mitochondrial function (biogenesis, fission-fusion-mitophagy dynamics, and mitochondrial genome integrity) with integrative metabolism and muscle action remains inadequate. This deficiency in our fundamental knowledge of mitochondrial biology and the implications of this knowledge gap for the treatment and clinical care of common and rare mitochondrial diseases underpin the importance of this Keystone Symposia conference. 

  • Thumbnail for New Insights into the Biology of Exercise

    New Insights into the Biology of Exercise

    January 1, 2020 7:00 AM - 9:00 AM EST

    Exercise science has entered a new age— where exercise is recognized beyond the arena of athletic performance, to its critical role in maintaining health and preventing disease. In our modern culture of sedentary lifestyle, chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease and many others are striking earlier in life, as our systems start to fail without adequate activity. Now researchers are uncovering the many mechanisms behind the widespread beneficial effects of exercise, and how to leverage these discoveries to prevent and treat diverse diseases.

    This VKS ePanel features field leader and meeting co-organizers of the upcoming meeting “New Insights into the Biology of Exercise,” which will be held March 1-5 in Keystone, Colorado. Their discussion highlights many exciting new horizons in research and medicine, including:

    • Anti-aging effects of exercise
    • Protective effects against diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, depression & more
    • Exercise as a more powerful intervention than pharmaceuticals against various diseases
    • Fundamental mechanisms behind how exercise supports cellular, tissue & organ functions, across systems
    • New tools and technologies to enable these discoveries

    Join us to explore this new era in exercise physiology, from molecular to clinical frontiers.

  • Thumbnail for Improved Vaccines for the Control of East Coast Fever for Cattle in Africa

    Improved Vaccines for the Control of East Coast Fever for Cattle in Africa

    December 18, 2019 7:00 AM - December 19, 2019 9:00 AM EST

    East coast fever is a fatal bovine disease caused by the apicomplexan parasite, Thieleria parva. The disease is transmitted by the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The disease is found in 11 countries in eastern, central and southern Africa, killing a million cattle each year and resulting in economic losses exceeding $300 million per year. Cattle can be protected against ECF by a vaccination procedure known as the Infection and Treatment Method (ITM) where animals are inoculated with live T. parva sporozoites and simultaneously treated with a long-acting antibiotic. The vaccine comes at high cost and our goal is to design a sub-unit vaccine for the control of ECF.

    Areas of discussion would explore:

    • What is wrong with the current vaccine? Does it need improvement?
    • How can we improve the live vaccine?
    • What is a better vaccine, i.e. what is the sub-unit vaccine? What has been done previously on sub-unit vaccines?
    • What is needed for a sub-unit vaccine and this could touch on some areas: a) Induce antibody based immunity by targeting the sporozoites stage of the parasite b) Induce T-cell mediated immunity by targeting the schizont stage of the parasite and the animal/CTL models that the research center has.
    • What are the challenges faced to develop a subunit vaccine?
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