Resistance Sniffer: an online tool for prediction of drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates using Next Generation Sequencing data
Dillon Muzondiwa a, Awelani Mutshembele b, Rian E. Pierneef a,c, Oleg N. Reva a,*

aCentre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology; Dep. of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology; University of Pretoria; South Africa.
bSouth African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), TB Platform, Pretoria, South Africa cBiotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +27 12 420 5810; fax: +27 12 420 5800. E-mail address: oleg.reva@up.ac.za (O.N. Reva).

Abstract:
The effective control of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) relies upon the timely diagnosis and correct treatment of all tuberculosis cases. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has great potential as a method for the rapid diagnosis of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolates. This method overcomes most of the problems that are associated with current phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. However, the application of WGS in the clinical setting has been deterred by data complexities and skill requirements for implementing the technologies as well as clinical interpretation of the next generation sequencing (NGS) data. The proposed diagnostic application was drawn upon recent discoveries of patterns of Mtb clade-specific genetic polymorphisms associated with antibiotic resistance. A catalogue of genetic determinants of resistance to thirteen anti-TB drugs for each phylogenetic clade was created. A computational algorithm for the identification of states of diagnostic polymorphisms was implemented as an online software tool, Resistance Sniffer (http://resistance-sniffer.bi.up.ac.za/), and as a stand-alone software tool to predict drug resistance in Mtb isolates using complete or partial genome datasets in different file formats including raw Illumina fastq read files. The program was validated on sequenced Mtb isolates with data on antibiotic resistance trials available from GMTV database and from the TB Platform of South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Pretoria. The program proved to be suitable for probabilistic prediction of drug resistance profiles of individual strains and large sequence data sets.

Awelani Mirinda Mutshembele PhD

South African Medical Research Council

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